Organizational Behavior and Group Dynamics | MCQ with Answers
1. What does VUCA stand for?
A) Volatile, Uncertain, Complex, Ambiguous
B) Volatile, Unstable, Critical, Ambiguous
C) Varying, Unpredictable, Complex, Adventurous
D) Varying, Unpredictable, Controllable, Ambiguous
Answer: A) Volatile, Uncertain, Complex, Ambiguous
2. Which of the following is an example of "Volatile" in the VUCA world?
A) Change in customer preferences
B) Unpredictable global supply chains
C) Rapid and unpredictable changes in the environment (e.g., 2020)
D) Impact of climate change on businesses
Answer: C) Rapid and unpredictable changes in the environment (e.g., 2020)
3. Which of the following best describes "Uncertain" in the VUCA model?
A) Lack of clarity and multiple interpretations
B) Difficulty in predicting future events
C) Fragile systems breaking under pressure
D) High levels of stress about the future
Answer: B) Difficulty in predicting future events
4. What does "BANI" stand for in the context of organizational behavior?
A) Brittleness, Anxious, Nonlinear, Incomprehensible
B) Brutal, Anxious, Nonlinear, Independent
C) Brittle, Agile, Nonlinear, Irrelevant
D) Base, Agile, New, Incomprehensible
Answer: A) Brittleness, Anxious, Nonlinear, Incomprehensible
5. What does the term "Brittle" refer to in the BANI world?
A) Fragile systems that can break easily under pressure
B) The inability to predict future events
C) Lack of clarity in information
D) Systems that are too complex
Answer: A) Fragile systems that can break easily under pressure
6. Which of the following is a key characteristic of the "Anxious" state in the BANI model?
A) A lack of clarity in the decision-making process
B) Overwhelming stress and concern about the future
C) A fragile system prone to collapse
D) A disproportionate impact from minor changes
Answer: B) Overwhelming stress and concern about the future
7. What does "Nonlinear" refer to in the BANI world?
A) Systems that are easy to understand
B) Disproportionate cause-and-effect relationships
C) Fragile systems prone to disruption
D) Increased reliance on predictable patterns
Answer: B) Disproportionate cause-and-effect relationships
8. What is one of the necessary actions organizations must take in a VUCA/BANI world?
A) Focus on maintaining rigid systems
B) Emphasize innovation and adaptability
C) Minimize the need for data-driven decisions
D) Rely on past strategies
Answer: B) Emphasize innovation and adaptability
9. A group is defined as:
A) A single individual with a common goal
B) Two or more individuals who are interacting and interdependent
C) A formal gathering of employees in a meeting
D) A random collection of people
Answer: B) Two or more individuals who are interacting and interdependent
10. Which of the following is an example of a formal group?
A) A group of colleagues who meet for lunch
B) A team formed to work on a specific project at work
C) A research group formed by individuals with shared interests
D) A group of friends who play football together
Answer: B) A team formed to work on a specific project at work
11. A command group consists of:
A) Individuals working together for a common purpose
B) Individuals who report directly to a given manager
C) Employees with common research interests
D) Employees sharing common personal traits
Answer: B) Individuals who report directly to a given manager
12. Which of the following is an example of a task group?
A) A group formed to solve a specific business problem
B) A group created to promote workplace friendship
C) A group whose members have similar personal interests
D) A group formed based on a shared nationality
Answer: A) A group formed to solve a specific business problem
13. Which of the following is a reason individuals join groups?
A) To satisfy their need for affiliation
B) To avoid making decisions independently
C) To avoid individual self-esteem development
D) To compete with others
Answer: A) To satisfy their need for affiliation
14. Social identity theory explains:
A) The behavior of individuals in different types of work environments
B) Why individuals join groups and their emotional reactions to group success or failure
C) The economic benefits of belonging to specific groups
D) The financial status of individuals within a group
Answer: B) Why individuals join groups and their emotional reactions to group success or failure
15. A person’s self-esteem getting tied to the performance of a group is an example of:
A) Social identity theory
B) Status characteristics theory
C) Groupthink
D) Role conflict
Answer: A) Social identity theory
16. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic that makes social identity important to a person?
A) Similarity
B) Distinctiveness
C) Status
D) Organizational hierarchy
Answer: D) Organizational hierarchy
17. What is role conflict?
A) A situation where roles and expectations are clear
B) A situation in which an individual faces divergent role expectations
C) The perception of how to act in a given situation
D) The expectations of others regarding one’s role
Answer: B) A situation in which an individual faces divergent role expectations
18. The concept of "role perception" refers to:
A) One’s understanding of how others believe one should act in a given situation
B) One’s perception of how to act in a given situation
C) The personal characteristics influencing one’s role
D) The behaviors expected in a formal setting
Answer: B) One’s perception of how to act in a given situation
19. Which of the following is a group norm?
A) Group’s shared perceptions of reality
B) Individuals’ feelings about their roles
C) Acceptable standards of behavior within the group
D) A person’s status based on resources
Answer: C) Acceptable standards of behavior within the group
20. What was the main conclusion of the Hawthorne Studies?
A) Money was the primary factor in determining worker output
B) Group standards and sentiments significantly affect individual behavior
C) Role perception is irrelevant in determining group behavior
D) Performance norms do not influence worker productivity
Answer: B) Group standards and sentiments significantly affect individual behavior
21. Status in a group is determined by:
A) The power a person wields over others
B) A person’s ability to perform physical tasks
C) The years of experience an individual has
D) How frequently a person speaks in meetings
Answer: A) The power a person wields over others
22. The source of status derived from a person’s ability to contribute to a group’s goals is:
A) Personal characteristics
B) Resource contribution
C) Power over others
D) Peer relationships
Answer: B) Resource contribution
23. High status individuals often:
A) Have more freedom to deviate from group norms
B) Are less likely to influence others
C) Face lower levels of group cohesion
D) Are more socially isolated
Answer: A) Have more freedom to deviate from group norms
24. Social loafing refers to:
A) The increased effort individuals put in when working as part of a group
B) The tendency for individuals to expend less effort when working collectively
C) The tendency to increase individual effort as group size grows
D) An effort to balance the work among team members
Answer: B) The tendency for individuals to expend less effort when working collectively
25. Social loafing is more likely to occur when:
A) Group members clearly define their individual contributions
B) The task is challenging and unique
C) Group goals are ambiguous or unclear
D) Team cohesion is high
Answer: C) Group goals are ambiguous or unclear
26. One way to prevent social loafing is to:
A) Reward individuals for their collective effort
B) Decrease team cohesion
C) Set clear individual goals within the group
D) Increase the size of the group
Answer: C) Set clear individual goals within the group
27. Cohesiveness in a group refers to:
A) The diversity of the group’s members
B) The attraction of group members to each other and their motivation to stay
C) The age and gender balance within the group
D) The individual roles within the group
Answer: B) The attraction of group members to each other and their motivation to stay
28. To increase group cohesiveness, one strategy is to:
A) Encourage individual efforts
B) Make the group smaller
C) Allow the group to make minimal decisions
D) Encourage individual competition
Answer: B) Make the group smaller
29. Which of the following is an implication of diversity for group effectiveness?
A) Diversity increases group conflict, but may improve performance over time
B) Diverse groups always perform better immediately
C) Diversity has no impact on group performance
D) Diversity should be avoided to ensure group harmony
Answer: A) Diversity increases group conflict, but may improve performance over time
30. A group with a variety of backgrounds and perspectives is considered to be:
A) Homogeneous
B) Cohesive
C) Diverse
D) Status-oriented
Answer: C) Diverse
31. In a VUCA world, which of the following would be the most important characteristic of management?
A) Stability and control
B) Flexibility and adaptability
C) Rigid decision-making processes
D) Predictability and routine
Answer: B) Flexibility and adaptability
32. Which of the following is an example of a complex system as described in the VUCA model?
A) A stock market
B) A tightly coupled system like an airline or logistics system
C) A local family-owned business
D) A simple supply chain
Answer: B) A tightly coupled system like an airline or logistics system
33. The term "Ambiguous" in the VUCA model refers to:
A) Difficulty in anticipating future events
B) Systems that are fragile and can break easily
C) Lack of clarity and multiple interpretations of information
D) Rapid, unpredictable changes in the environment
Answer: C) Lack of clarity and multiple interpretations of information
34. In the context of BANI, "Incomprehensible" refers to:
A) Complex organizational systems
B) Unclear information regarding future predictions
C) Situations that are difficult to understand or make sense of
D) Complex cause-and-effect relationships
Answer: C) Situations that are difficult to understand or make sense of
35. Which of the following is true about informal groups?
A) They are defined by the organization’s structure
B) They are determined by the management hierarchy
C) They are not formally structured or organizationally determined
D) They are always task-focused and goal-oriented
Answer: C) They are not formally structured or organizationally determined
36. A task group can be defined as:
A) A group of individuals reporting to a specific manager
B) A group formed to complete a specific task or job
C) A group based on personal interests
D) A group formed to build social relationships
Answer: B) A group formed to complete a specific task or job
37. A "friendship group" consists of:
A) Individuals with a common goal or objective
B) People who share one or more common characteristics
C) Individuals working together to complete a task
D) People who report directly to a manager
Answer: B) People who share one or more common characteristics
38. The need for self-esteem, security, and affiliation is an example of which purpose of joining groups?
A) Organizational Purpose
B) Individual Purpose
C) Social Purpose
D) Task Purpose
Answer: B) Individual Purpose
39. One of the organizational reasons for having groups is:
A) To reduce diversity and enhance uniformity
B) To socialize and train newcomers
C) To limit the number of decisions made
D) To promote individual work over collaboration
Answer: B) To socialize and train newcomers
40. Which of the following is NOT part of social identity theory?
A) Individuals are emotionally invested in the success or failure of their group
B) Social identity helps individuals understand who they are and where they fit in
C) Social identity does not affect one’s behavior in groups
D) Ingroup favoritism occurs when individuals favor their own group over others
Answer: C) Social identity does not affect one’s behavior in groups
41. Ingroup favoritism refers to:
A) Favoring members of another group
B) Disliking members of your own group
C) Focusing on individual achievements over group success
D) Focusing on the positive traits of one’s own group
Answer: D) Focusing on the positive traits of one’s own group
42. Role conflict can arise when:
A) A person’s role perception aligns with others’ expectations
B) A person’s role expectations are clear and consistent
C) An individual faces divergent role expectations from different sources
D) A person does not have clear expectations of their role
Answer: C) An individual faces divergent role expectations from different sources
43. Role perception refers to:
A) The behaviors expected from a person in a given role
B) The understanding of how others believe a person should act in a given role
C) The contract between employer and employee regarding roles
D) The personal goals one wants to achieve through their role
Answer: B) The understanding of how others believe a person should act in a given role
44. Which of the following is NOT a type of group norm?
A) Performance norms
B) Resource allocation norms
C) Role norms
D) Appearance norms
Answer: C) Role norms
45. Status characteristics theory suggests that:
A) Status is based solely on the power a person holds
B) Status hierarchies within groups arise from differences in status characteristics
C) Status does not influence group behavior
D) High-status individuals cannot deviate from group norms
Answer: B) Status hierarchies within groups arise from differences in status characteristics
46. Which of the following is NOT a factor that determines an individual's status in a group?
A) The power a person has over others
B) A person’s ability to contribute to group goals
C) The person’s charismatic characteristics
D) The person’s personal interests
Answer: D) The person’s personal interests
47. High-status individuals are often able to:
A) Avoid all group expectations and norms
B) Have greater freedom to deviate from group norms
C) Be less assertive and quieter in meetings
D) Face fewer group conflicts
Answer: B) Have greater freedom to deviate from group norms
48. The concept of "status inequity" in a group leads to:
A) Increased group cohesion
B) Resentment and corrective behavior
C) Greater freedom for high-status members
D) Higher levels of group performance
Answer: B) Resentment and corrective behavior
49. Social loafing is most likely to occur in which situation?
A) When individuals are highly motivated and committed to the task
B) When individual contributions are clearly defined
C) When group goals are unclear and unmotivating
D) When group members work closely together
Answer: C) When group goals are unclear and unmotivating
50. Which of the following is NOT a way to prevent social loafing?
A) Increase group competition
B) Set clear group goals and individual contributions
C) Decrease team cohesion
D) Use peer evaluations and reward based on individual effort
Answer: C) Decrease team cohesion
51. Which of the following would increase a group’s cohesiveness?
A) Making group membership easy
B) Decreasing group size
C) Encouraging members to pursue individual goals
D) Reducing the time spent together
Answer: B) Decreasing group size
52. The degree to which group members are attracted to each other and motivated to stay in the group is referred to as:
A) Group size
B) Group cohesiveness
C) Group diversity
D) Group performance
Answer: B) Group cohesiveness
53. Which of the following is a method of increasing group cohesiveness?
A) Allowing for frequent individual competition
B) Decreasing the time members spend together
C) Increasing the difficulty of joining the group
D) Decreasing the rewards for group accomplishments
Answer: C) Increasing the difficulty of joining the group
54. Which of the following is TRUE regarding diversity in groups?
A) Diversity leads to immediate performance benefits
B) Groups with high diversity always experience low conflict
C) Over time, diverse groups may become more open-minded and creative
D) Diversity reduces the potential for creative ideas in groups
Answer: C) Over time, diverse groups may become more open-minded and creative
55. Diversity in groups is likely to:
A) Improve performance immediately without any conflict
B) Increase group conflict in the short term
C) Lead to a lack of innovative ideas
D) Be irrelevant to the success of a group
Answer: B) Increase group conflict in the short term
56. A group with individuals from different cultural backgrounds is likely to experience:
A) Immediate harmony and high performance
B) Short-term conflict but potential for long-term creative performance
C) No conflict and uniform decision-making
D) Decreased group productivity due to misunderstandings
Answer: B) Short-term conflict but potential for long-term creative performance
57. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the VUCA world?
A) Volatile
B) Unified
C) Uncertain
D) Ambiguous
Answer: B) Unified
58. Which term in the BANI model refers to systems that are fragile and can break easily under pressure?
A) Brittle
B) Anxious
C) Nonlinear
D) Incomprehensible
Answer: A) Brittle
59. According to the VUCA model, "Uncertain" refers to:
A) Systems that are fragile and can break easily under pressure
B) A lack of predictability and difficulty in anticipating future events
C) Rapid and unpredictable changes in the environment
D) Lack of clarity and multiple interpretations of information
Answer: B) A lack of predictability and difficulty in anticipating future events
60. In a VUCA world, agility is important because it:
A) Promotes stability and minimizes risks
B) Helps in adapting to changes and unpredictability
C) Encourages traditional, structured management processes
D) Focuses on maintaining a fixed approach to leadership
Answer: B) Helps in adapting to changes and unpredictability
61. The concept of "Social Identity" refers to:
A) The emotions one experiences when a group succeeds or fails
B) The ability of an individual to define themselves through personal achievements
C) The connection an individual feels with other groups in a social network
D) The importance of hierarchy within a group
Answer: A) The emotions one experiences when a group succeeds or fails
62. What is the primary reason individuals join groups according to the purpose of groups in organizations?
A) To establish authority over others
B) To satisfy individual needs such as affiliation, self-esteem, and security
C) To avoid personal responsibilities
D) To reduce conflicts within organizations
Answer: B) To satisfy individual needs such as affiliation, self-esteem, and security
63. A "command group" refers to:
A) A group formed based on shared interests
B) A group working together to complete a specific task
C) A group of individuals who report directly to a given manager
D) A group formed based on friendship and common traits
Answer: C) A group of individuals who report directly to a given manager
64. The Hawthorne Studies concluded that:
A) Money was the most significant factor affecting worker output
B) Group sentiments and norms played a large role in worker behavior and output
C) The physical work environment was the only key to productivity
D) Individual motivation was the sole determinant of worker output
Answer: B) Group sentiments and norms played a large role in worker behavior and output
65. A group working together to achieve a specific objective with which each member is concerned is an example of:
A) Command Group
B) Task Group
C) Interest Group
D) Friendship Group
Answer: C) Interest Group
66. Which of the following is an example of role conflict?
A) A team member is unsure about their role in a project
B) A manager provides clear expectations about a team member’s role
C) A person receives conflicting expectations from different people or groups
D) A group member works independently on their tasks
Answer: C) A person receives conflicting expectations from different people or groups
67. "Role perception" refers to:
A) A set of expected behaviors associated with a position in a group
B) How others expect an individual to act in a given situation
C) An individual’s understanding of their own role in a group
D) The personal goals one sets for themselves in a group
Answer: C) An individual’s understanding of their own role in a group
68. Status in a group is derived from which of the following sources?
A) A person’s appearance
B) A person’s ability to contribute to the group’s goals
C) A person’s personal interests
D) The number of people in the group
Answer: B) A person’s ability to contribute to the group’s goals
69. The concept of "status inequity" within a group may lead to:
A) Improved group cohesion and cooperation
B) Feelings of resentment and corrective behaviors
C) Increased collaboration and collective effort
D) Reduced conflict and misunderstanding
Answer: B) Feelings of resentment and corrective behaviors
70. Social loafing can be prevented by:
A) Giving individual rewards rather than group rewards
B) Decreasing team cohesion
C) Clearly defining individual contributions and using peer evaluations
D) Allowing for less competition among group members
Answer: C) Clearly defining individual contributions and using peer evaluations
71. A group with members who have diverse skill sets and backgrounds is likely to:
A) Have minimal conflict and high initial performance
B) Take longer to achieve harmony but may be more creative over time
C) Always perform better than homogeneous groups
D) Produce less creative ideas due to conflict
Answer: B) Take longer to achieve harmony but may be more creative over time
72. When does social loafing tend to occur in a group?
A) When tasks are clearly defined and challenging
B) When group members are highly cohesive and motivated
C) When individual contributions are unclear and not recognized
D) When there is a high level of competition between group members
Answer: C) When individual contributions are unclear and not recognized
73. High-status individuals within a group are often:
A) More likely to conform to group norms
B) Less likely to contribute to group goals
C) More assertive and free to deviate from norms
D) More focused on the group’s well-being than their personal goals
Answer: C) More assertive and free to deviate from norms
74. Which of the following is true about large groups?
A) Large groups are more effective at completing tasks independently
B) Large groups are good for gaining diverse input but less effective in task completion
C) Large groups have lower levels of conflict compared to smaller groups
D) Large groups are less efficient and have better group cohesion
Answer: B) Large groups are good for gaining diverse input but less effective in task completion
75. One way to reduce social loafing in a group is to:
A) Increase group size
B) Decrease individual responsibility
C) Reward group success instead of individual contributions
D) Make individual contributions clearly identifiable
Answer: D) Make individual contributions clearly identifiable
76. Cohesiveness in a group refers to:
A) The degree to which the group is aligned with organizational goals
B) The degree to which members are attracted to each other and motivated to stay in the group
C) The ability of a group to perform tasks without conflict
D) The physical proximity of group members in the workplace
Answer: B) The degree to which members are attracted to each other and motivated to stay in the group
77. Which of the following strategies can increase group cohesiveness?
A) Lowering the expectations of group members
B) Increasing competition between group members
C) Making it easier to join the group
D) Making the group smaller and increasing shared goals
Answer: D) Making the group smaller and increasing shared goals
78. Which of the following is an impact of diversity in a group?
A) It always leads to immediate high performance and low conflict
B) It creates a homogenous group dynamic
C) It can lead to initial conflict, but improved creativity over time
D) It reduces the need for innovation and creative thinking
Answer: C) It can lead to initial conflict, but improved creativity over time
79. Which of the following is the primary reason organizations use groups?
A) To increase individual workloads
B) To accomplish complex, interdependent tasks that individuals cannot complete alone
C) To minimize decision-making complexity
D) To avoid competition within teams
Answer: B) To accomplish complex, interdependent tasks that individuals cannot complete alone
80. The "rope-pulling" experiment demonstrated that:
A) Group members are more effective when they work individually
B) The total force exerted by the group increases as more people join, but individual effort decreases
C) Social loafing does not occur in larger groups
D) Group performance improves when the group becomes too large
Answer: B) The total force exerted by the group increases as more people join, but individual effort decreases
81. Which of the following is an example of a "friendship group"?
A) A team of employees assigned to complete a marketing project
B) A group of colleagues who share a common interest in photography
C) A department that reports directly to the CEO
D) A project team formed to complete a specific organizational task
Answer: B) A group of colleagues who share a common interest in photography
82. Which of the following group norms is concerned with the way tasks and resources are distributed among members?
A) Appearance norms
B) Social arrangement norms
C) Resource allocation norms
D) Performance norms
Answer: C) Resource allocation norms
83. Role expectations refer to:
A) The way an individual sees their role within the group
B) The behavior patterns expected from someone in a particular role
C) The psychological contract between the individual and the organization
D) How others perceive the role an individual occupies
Answer: D) How others perceive the role an individual occupies
84. In the context of the VUCA world, "innovation" is necessary because:
A) It reduces the need for agility
B) It helps organizations stay competitive and relevant in a rapidly changing environment
C) It allows companies to avoid risk management processes
D) It requires less reliance on data-driven decisions
Answer: B) It helps organizations stay competitive and relevant in a rapidly changing environment
85. Which of the following is an example of a "task group"?
A) A group formed to provide feedback about employee wellness programs
B) A group of researchers working together to publish a paper
C) A group of employees from different departments meeting informally after work
D) A team formed to troubleshoot and solve a specific technical issue
Answer: D) A team formed to troubleshoot and solve a specific technical issue
86. In the context of Social Identity Theory, ingroup favoritism refers to:
A) Treating members of the ingroup equally, without bias
B) Focusing on the differences between ingroup and outgroup members
C) The tendency to favor and prefer those who belong to the same group as oneself
D) The emotional reactions to a group's success or failure
Answer: C) The tendency to favor and prefer those who belong to the same group as oneself
87. What is the primary reason why groups are formed in organizations?
A) To reduce competition
B) To provide solutions to complex, interdependent tasks that individuals cannot complete alone
C) To minimize employee conflicts
D) To encourage hierarchical behavior among employees
Answer: B) To provide solutions to complex, interdependent tasks that individuals cannot complete alone
88. According to Social Identity Theory, why do people react emotionally to their group’s success or failure?
A) Their self-esteem is connected to the performance of the group
B) They are motivated to outperform other groups
C) They are trying to assert their dominance within the group
D) They feel a sense of guilt when their group fails
Answer: A) Their self-esteem is connected to the performance of the group
89. A key factor contributing to high group cohesiveness is:
A) Larger group sizes
B) Greater time spent together and a sense of shared goals
C) Increased competition with other groups
D) Reducing shared objectives among group members
Answer: B) Greater time spent together and a sense of shared goals
90. Which of the following is a benefit of diversity within a group?
A) Immediate harmony and conflict-free collaboration
B) Higher risk of conflict but potential for more creative and open-minded solutions over time
C) Lower levels of stress and tension among members
D) Greater ease in making decisions quickly and efficiently
Answer: B) Higher risk of conflict but potential for more creative and open-minded solutions over time
91. The term "role conflict" refers to:
A) The clear and consistent expectations for an individual's role
B) A situation where an individual faces conflicting expectations from different sources
C) The clear understanding of how to behave in a given role
D) The individual's ability to perform their role effectively
Answer: B) A situation where an individual faces conflicting expectations from different sources
92. Which of the following is NOT a factor that contributes to the formation of a "social identity" within a group?
A) Similarity among members
B) Status of group members
C) Cultural diversity of group members
D) Distinctiveness of the group
Answer: C) Cultural diversity of group members
93. Which of the following is an example of "incomprehensibility" in the BANI model?
A) Rapid shifts in technology affecting business models
B) Lack of clarity and multiple interpretations of the same information
C) Increased anxiety due to constant news updates and information overload
D) The uncertainty about how climate change will impact various industries
Answer: D) The uncertainty about how climate change will impact various industries
94. Which of the following best describes the role of "norms" in a group?
A) Norms are expectations about how a group should behave in all situations
B) Norms are rules created to punish members who do not conform
C) Norms represent acceptable standards of behavior shared by group members
D) Norms are the characteristics of a group's power dynamics
Answer: C) Norms represent acceptable standards of behavior shared by group members
95. In a highly cohesive group, members are:
A) Less motivated to contribute to the group’s goals
B) More likely to conform to group norms
C) Unwilling to cooperate with other teams
D) More likely to resist change within the group
Answer: B) More likely to conform to group norms
96. The concept of "status characteristics theory" suggests that:
A) Status is only determined by the leader of the group
B) Differences in status characteristics create status hierarchies within groups
C) High-status individuals always defer to low-status individuals
D) Status within a group is irrelevant to its overall function
Answer: B) Differences in status characteristics create status hierarchies within groups
97. The "Hawthorne Studies" emphasized that:
A) Worker productivity is solely influenced by financial incentives
B) Social and psychological factors in the workplace, such as group norms, influence productivity
C) The more employees worked together, the less productive they became
D) Formal leadership was the most important factor in worker performance
Answer: B) Social and psychological factors in the workplace, such as group norms, influence productivity
98. What is the main implication of the "social identity" theory for group dynamics?
A) Group members will always compete to establish dominance
B) Individuals seek to distinguish themselves from the group to boost self-esteem
C) Emotional responses to group success or failure are tied to an individual's self-worth
D) Group membership has little impact on an individual’s self-concept
Answer: C) Emotional responses to group success or failure are tied to an individual's self-worth
99. A group that is formed because of common interests (e.g., employees with similar hobbies) is called a:
A) Task group
B) Interest group
C) Command group
D) Friendship group
Answer: D) Friendship group
100. In which situation would "social loafing" be most likely to occur?
A) When tasks are clear and challenging, and group members are highly motivated
B) When group members are highly cohesive and work in a competitive environment
C) When individual contributions are not clearly defined and rewards are given to the group as a whole
D) When individual members are held accountable for their specific contributions
Answer: C) When individual contributions are not clearly defined and rewards are given to the group as a whole
